High-speed quantum random number generator secure against quantum attacks
At first glance, random numbers may seem trivial to produce and utterly useless. Not an easy sell. Isn’t it just a matter of flipping a coin? Not quite!
A burning platform
Realizing that random numbers are the very backbone of encryption, cybersecurity, and ultimately our trust in a digitized society immediately provides another perspective on the business case. It may also make you more anxious about when ‘random’ is actually random enough to keep your personal information and bank transactions secure. Not just now, but also in the future. “Computing power keeps increasing at an exponential pace and quantum computers, capable of shattering current cryptographic schemes, are lurking around the corner. This makes the generation of true and quantum-secure random numbers one of the key challenges for a future secure communication infrastructure”, says Ulrik Lund Andersen, leader of the DNRF centre bigQ at DTU Physics.
Some are more random than others
Randomness comes in many flavours and most random number generators (RNG) are actually predictable deep down because they rely on algorithms designed to produce randomness. When looked at in the right way, the determinism of the algorithm will reveal itself in the numbers, disclosing a predictable pattern. For that reason, such devices are termed pseudo RNGs. In many applications, they are a suitable trade-off between cost and quality. For other applications, however, they are far from sufficient. If an RNG is compromised, the secret information may become public with disastrous consequences.
Extracting quantum randomness
Quantum random number generators (QRNG) are fundamentally different. They directly tap into the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics and the randomness is routed in hardware rather than algorithms. Quantum measurements yield inherently random outcomes and there is no way, even in principle, the outcome can be predicted. In other words, it is the ultimate randomness engine. However, noise from the measurement device overlays the pure quantum mechanical randomness and provides a peephole for hackers to gain partial, but potentially devastating, information about the sourced encryption keys. The information leakage can be estimated, and countermeasures exist for regaining security. But the efficiency depends critically on assumptions about what technology powers the hacker is in possession of.
Quantum-secure and fast
Lead by Tobias Gehring, a team of researchers from bigQ have, in collaboration with the University of Sheffield, University of York and the Danish company Cryptomathic A/S, developed a QRNG device which is secure even against attacks exploiting the full potential of future quantum technologies.
“QRNG technologies usually assume that hackers are classical adversaries, meaning that they don’t have access to quantum computers or other quantum technologies. We have now closed that security gap. Our device is simple, yet it allows this important assumption to be relaxed”, says Tobias Gehring.
Peeking into the quantum random number generator developed at DTU Physics reveals a lot of seemingly ordinary optics and electronics. But together, the components form a high-speed and ultra-secure source of true randomness, enabled by quantum physics.
Not only does the demonstrated QRNG have the highest security against quantum attacks, but it also boosts a 2.9 Gbit/s rate, placing it firmly among the fastest QRNG devices to date.
High-speed random number generation is important for applications such as quantum key distribution which provides encryption keys secure against attacks making use of quantum computers. High speed is also important in the cloud where the heavy data traffic consumes cryptographic keys at a very high rate.
Aim to commercialize the technology
The ambitions of the team behind this quantum breakthrough go beyond research, and the clear goal is to commercialize the QRNG device so that customers worldwide can benefit from its high-speed and future-proof random numbers in a multitude of applications.
“We will have a prototype ready for testing with potential customers in the next couple of months. We are confident in the technology and its potential and at the moment we are searching for a cofounder bringing in commercial expertise”, says Dino Solar Nikolic, who drives the commercialization process towards forming a spin-out company.
More information
Gehring, T., Lupo, C., Kordts, A. et al.Homodyne-based quantum random number generator at 2.9 Gbps secure against quantum side-information. Nat Commun12, 605 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20813-w
Contact
Dino Solar Nikolic, DTU Physics, dinon@fysik.dtu.dk
Tobias Gehring, DTU Physics, tobias.gehring@fysik.dtu.dk
Ulrik Lund Andersen, DTU Physics, ulrik.andersen@fysik.dtu.dk
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This press release was published originally at DTU Newsroom.
